Bolivar, S. 1830. There are some accounts that suggest instead that Bolivar may have been genuinely concerned with perpetual dictators at first (Harwich 2001). Thus, the Angostura Address is plentiful with passages such as these: Sir! 1, 2018, pp. University of Chicago Press. 2015. Caracas: Alfa. Simn Bolvar, "An Address of Bolvar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819)" Background As a young man, Simn Bolvar (1783-1830), who would become known as "El Libertador" ("The Liberator") in Latin America, spent a few years in Europe. This supreme authority must be perpetual (Bolivar 1819). An Address of Bolvar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819). Although there were many reasons for Bolivars disputes with Francisco de Paula Santander (17921840) and other conspirators in Bogota, it was by far the ambition of becoming President for Life that turned out to be the most crucial amongst his opponents. They justified themselves by arguing that they were just agents of a greater historical force. Bolivar spoke, expressing his ideas regarding freedom. He is directly subject to the legislative body, the senate, and the people: he is the one man who resists the combined pressure of the opinions, interests, and passions of the social state and who, as Carnot states, does little more than struggle constantly with the urge to dominate and the desire to escape domination. By then, Bolivars movement was seen as one that intended to establish a Republic for the white criollos, which explains partly why Boves savagely occupied Valencia and executed so many of the white elite (Stoan 1974). Under the leadership of the Libertador Simn Bolvar, revolutionary forces repeatedly fought off Spanish attempts to regain control of the region until Bolvar decisively expelled Spanish forces at the battle of Ayacucho in 1824. In the Angostura Address, Bolivar, typical in his style, praises North American society over and over again: Our legislators were influenced by the provincials, and were carried away by the dazzling appearance of North Americas happiness, thinking that the blessings she enjoyed were owed exclusively to the form of government, and not to the character of the people (Bolivar 1819). Thanks to these achievements he would then be invited by the Peruvian authorities to organize the military campaign against the remaining Spanish and loyalist forces in Peru and Upper Peru (modern-day Bolivia), thus completing the final defeat of the Spanish Empire in South America. La Gran Colombia: una ilusin ilustrada. Roberts, P. 2012. In the Angostura Address, Bolivar engages in some confusing argumentation trying to justify the concentration of power in the executive branch of government: In a republic, the executive ought to be the strongest, because everything conspires against it; and on the other hand in a monarchy the legislative ought to be the most powerful, as everything unites in favor of the sovereign (Bolivar 1819). In this regard, Bolivar very much anticipates Tocquevilles analysis in Democracy in America. Although never formally educated in universities, Bolivar was a self-taught man and had at least two illustrious tutors who were the arguably the leading intellectuals of the region at the time; Simon Rodriguez and Andres Bello. By the end of his life, Bolivar was a deeply disappointed and bitter man who wrote to a friend: All who served the Revolution have plowed the sea (Bolivar 1830). As with any leader who faces the dichotomy between utopias and realities, Bolivar had some profound ideological transformations throughout his political and military career. But, admittedly, it had turned out to be very corrupt. I will add that that people is unique in the history of the human race, and repeat that it is a miracle that a system as weak and complicated as the federal should have existed under so difficult and delicate circumstances as those which have occurred (Bolivar 1819). Download date: August 25th, 2018. After Spains humiliating defeat in the Seven Years War, Charles III understood the necessity to cleanse the corrupt and inefficient administration of the Spanish Empire. Shubert, A. Madrid: Espasa Calpe. But the key difference is this: the governors of Isfahan are Persians, the viziers of the Great Lord in Turkey are Turks, and the sultans of Tartary are Tartars. He also publicly proclaimed the emancipation of slaves in Carupano, in 1816. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, Gabriel, and Jairo Lugo-Ocando. The United States had just solidified their. One common colonialist trope in the 19th Century was the concept of Oriental despotism (Wittfogel, 1953), popularized by Hegel and Hegelians especially Karl Marx himself. Login has been disabled for this journal while it is transferred to a new platform. We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition. Bolivar did not elaborate much on what this moral power would do exactly, but he seemed to have in mind a governing body akin to Roman censors, whose basic function was to regulate public morality (Leiva 1985). Cuba: Key Colony, Socialist State, From Haciendas to the Peal of the Antilles, The Island of Cuba, Alexander von Humboldt (1856), Through Afro-America, William Archer (1910), Document #13: Montecristi Manifesto, by Jos Mart and Mximo Gmez (1895), Document #14: My Race, Jose Mart (1893), Document #15: History Will Absolve Me, by Fidel Castro (1953), Document #17: What is Cubas Sin?, Fidel Castro (2003), Document #16: Statement from Mexico City, Juana Castro (1964), Chapter 6. Andrade, G. and Lugo-Ocando, J., 2018. To get his point across, Bolivar returns to the question of cultural identity in the Angostura Address, but adds an interesting remark about Spain: Let us bear in mind that our population is neither European nor North American, but are closer to a blend of Africa and America than they are to Europe, for even Spain herself is not strictly European due to its African blood, institutions and character (Bolivar 1819). The governments, however, of those nations, were either aristocratic or monarchical (Bolivar 1819). Yet, at the same time, Bolivar seems to reproduce some old colonialist tropes, according to which Anglo-Saxon peoples are more virtuous. The hereditary senate will also serve as a counterweight to both government and people; and as a neutral power it will weaken the mutual attacks of these two eternally rival powers. Madrid: Planeta. Said, E. 2006. There, he Caracas: Alfa. Be as it may, however, the Constitution of Bolivia of 1826 proved to be his outdoing. Bolivars political philosophy, as laid out in the Angostura Address and other political writings, also took on these authoritarian leanings. Yet, it is very revealing that, in this and other passages, he has a predilection for Rousseau. Unless the executive has easy access to all the administrative resources, fixed by a just distribution of powers, he inevitably becomes a nonentity or abuses his authority. This question becomes even more important as it was central to the separatist movement against the Great Colombia that finally overthrew him and led to his exile and ultimate death in solitude. Sparta, of course, is the emblem of militarism in Western imagination. Timeline for Colonial Latin America, 1492-1824, Colonial Latin American Profiles and Personalities, Moments and Events in Late Colonial Latin America, Analysis of Arthur Syzks Bolvar and Sucre at Junin, oil on canvas (1950), Simn Bolvar and Restrained Republicanism, Document #1: Letter from Jamaica, Simn Bolvar (1815), Document #2: Address at the Congress of Angostura, Simn Bolvar (1819), Chapter 3. Similar attempts to debunk myth from reality have not been able to play out in the ways that these efforts were originally intended such as the 2015s 200-year commemoration of Bolivars Jamaica Letter. Throughout many of his private writings, Bolivar expressed enormous concerns about pardocracia, the takeover by pardos. Delhi: Penguin Books. He is the head of government, but his ministers and subordinates rely more upon law than upon his authority, as they are personally responsible; and not even decrees of royal authority can exempt them from this responsibility. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade G, Lugo-Ocando J. Andrade G, Lugo-Ocando J. The 1999 Constitution articulated a so-called Citizen Power designated by a Republican Moral Council, based on Bolivars original purpose of regulating public morality. London: Longman Publishing Group. Lynch, J. Las Indias no eran colonias. Mexico: The Taming of a Revolution. The Enlightenment proclaimed the equality of all human beings, on account that we all share a common nature that makes human rights universal. The Viceroyalty of New Granadawhich included present-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and parts of Ecuadorachieved independence from the Spanish Empire in a slow and uneven process. Levenes thesis proposes that the Indies were actually kingdoms with the same legal standing as kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula; the implication is that Bolivars struggle for independence was unjustified. Mexico: The Taming of a Revolution, Travels and Adventures, William Carpenter (1851), A Mexican Journey, E.H. Blichfeldt (1912), Document #3: President Diaz: Hero of the Americas, James Creelman (1908), Document #4: Plan de San Luis de Potos, Francisco Madero (1910), Document #5: Program of the Liberal Party, Ricardo Flores Magn (1911), Document #6: Plan de Ayala, Emiliano Zapata (1911), Document #7: Speech to the Nation, Lzaro Crdenas (1938), Document #8: First Declaration from the Lacandon Jungle, Today We Say Enough is Enough! (Ya Basta! The Lower Classes . Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 47 (1): 7482. We all owe it our obedience and loyalty. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ncr.2003.0004. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade G and Lugo-Ocando J, The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading (2018) 47 Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 74 DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, Gabriel, and Jairo Lugo-Ocando. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. 47, no. Admittedly, Bolivar came late to abolitionist ideals. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Congress of Angostura, an 1819-1821 legislative body of Gran Colombia. Being just 21 years old in 1805 and after losing his wife just years earlier, he went to tour Europe. Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders. Yale University Press. Considerations on France. hold on the North American continent five. Leiva, L. 1985. Some critics have accussed Bolvar of verbosity. But, regardless of the effectiveness of this form of government with respect to North America, I must say that it has never for a moment entered my mind to compare the position and character of two states as dissimilar as the English-American and the Spanish-American. One of the most significant transformations was his approach to the position of a President for Life. The wording is unmistakably reminiscent of Benthams philosophy, and indeed, the English philosopher was a major influence on Bolivars political thinking. In the context of early 19th Century Venezuela, this was a major accomplishment. Unlike other far more questionable Venezuelan caudillos of the latter 19th Century (such as Ezequiel Zamora), who freed their slaves only after having been financially compensated, Bolivar genuinely freed his own slaves without any compensation. He was a staunch anti-colonialist when it came to Spanish America; but he had high praises for the Roman imperial ethos, he seemed content with the British imperialism of his day, and he repeated many of the tropes typical of 19th Century colonialist thinking. Bolivar, S. 1826. Again, contemporary anti-colonialists may find much of value in Bolivars words. State Fullerton. Throughout his post-colonial critique of Orientalists, Edward Said (2006) has documented how 19th Century Western scholars portrayed the East as some sort of mysterious place ruled by despots, mainly as a way to contrast the virtues of Western Enlightenment. Blanchard, P. 2008. Indeed, Bolivars stance on the moral power coheres well with his authoritarian leanings. That same year, Bolivar would head towards the Venezuelan plains, assemble an army of llaneros who now supported the Republican Cause- and European mercenaries. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Stoan, SK. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in Bol var and South American Originally published in 1923, as part of the Cambridge Plain Texts series, this volume contains the complete text of Sim n Bol var's address before the Venezuelan Congress at . Furthermore, in order to avoid competition with the mother country, the Bourbon reforms prohibited the production of certain goods in the Indies. Again the Angostura Address of 1819 clearly shows a Bolivar who was already very concerned with the chaotic potential of an independent South America. Bolivar was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers. June 13, 1821. An address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint ordered by the government of the United States of Venezuela, to commemorate the centennial of the opening of the Congress by Bolvar, Simn, 1783-1830 of History, Cal. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. While the courts and judges are dependent on the executive power, the laws originate in and are made by Parliament. Indeed, in the 18th Century, a series of reforms began to be undertaken by the new Spanish ruling dynasty, the Bourbons. Reporters Without Borders. Our piece is an opportunity to challenge future attempts by the Venezuelan government with its self-proclaimed Bolivarian Revolution- to expand the uncritical hero-worship of Simon Bolivars memory as an instrument of self-national aggrandizement.1. . 2019 should definitely be a year of celebration, for the Angostura Address is a landmark political document. By this I mean that the result will be the death of the government, whose heirs are anarchy, usurpation, and tyranny . To a certain extent, this implied moving away from its African roots, and some authors made it explicit that, in order to be more civilized, Spain should be less African (Shubert 1999: 2). Yet, Bolivars point is that Spanish imperialism is even worse than Oriental despotism, inasmuch as the control exercised by the Spanish Crown is even tighter than in Eastern societies. Despite their genuine admiration for Bolivar, constituents understood that Bolivars argumentation in favor of hereditary principles of political power was very weak (not to say confusing), and that an institution imitating the British House of Lords would be nothing but a setback to old aristocratic times. In this regard, despite his flaws, he is to be considered one the great men of South American history. From: Simn Bolvar, An Address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819), Reprint Ed., (Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919), passim. We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards. Helg, A. At the opening session, held at the Orinoco River port of Angostura (today Ciudad Bolvar), on 15 February 1819, Bolvar delivered a major address in which he warned against imitation of Anglo-American institutions and called for a new constitution featuring a hereditary Senate and a "moral power" with special responsibility for education and . These leaders assumed the role of dictators while rhetorically expressing their reluctance to do so. Starting in 1999, Bolivars image was politically used by Hugo Chavezs leftist revolution, and ever since, leftist governments and guerrillas (especially FARC in Colombia) throughout the region have claimed to be followers of Bolivarian thinking. This argument is hard to follow. The Congress of Angostura is considered Venezuela's second legislative congress, the first being the one that met in 1811. . Most of the figures of the Spanish Enlightenment became afrancesados, thinkers who believe Spain should embrace French customs. Its culminating piece of legislation was the Venezuelan Constitution of 1819, officially adopted on August 15, but quickly made obsolete by the creation of the Republic of Colombia on December 17, 1819. This is not to say that Bolivars relationship to people of African descent was totally harmonious. The will of the Grand Sultan, the Khan, the Bey, and other despotic sovereigns, is the supreme law, and it is arbitrarily executed by the pashas and inferior governors in Turkey and Persia, where the system of oppression is completely organized, and is submitted to by the people because of the authority from which it emanates. Levenes thesis is only half true. All should not be left to chance and the outcome of elections. Library of America. Liberty has been its cradle, it has grown up in liberty, and it is maintained by pure liberty. That Constitution, labeled the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, written under the auspices of Hugo Chavez and the self-proclaimed Bolivarian Revolution, went to great lengths in attempting to imitate Bolivarian thinking in every aspect of political organization. In Simon Bolivar's Message to the Congress of Angostura, he states that Latin American people deserve their independence. From there he would go to occupy modern-day Ecuador and unite the current territories of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela into a single political entity; it was known as the Gran Colombia, with Bogota as its capital. It enjoys all its proper functions, and it requires no essential revision, because the Constitution, in creating it, gave it the form and powers which the people deemed necessary in order that they might be legally and properly represented. In it, from this moment, national sovereignty is centred. Proyecto de Constitucion para la Republica de Bolivia y discurso del Libertador al Congreso Constituyente de Bolivia. How, exactly, does the potential for abuse in a monarchy justify the expansion of executive power in a republic? This is his explanation in the Angostura Address: Nevertheless, the North American people are a singular example of political virtue and moral rectitude. Did not monarchy exist in France for fourteen centuries? In most cases, these celebrations served the political purpose of legitimating the parties in power that organized the festivities and appropriating nationalists sentiments that could help boost popular support. Mine is done. But, it still reflects Bolivars anti-colonial convictions, inasmuch as unlike most figures of the Spanish Enlightenment, he was not embarrassed of having African roots. It is no speculation to argue that he was legitimately worried by the prospect that the emerging nations would not have a sufficiently defined national identity for viable political institutions. See, for example, Madariaga (1951) and Carrera Damas (2003). In a sense, Bolivars approach is anti-colonial (let us remember that many aspects of colonialism itself were modeled on the universalism of the Enlightenment), inasmuch as he advises colonized peoples not to necessarily copy Eurocentric models. Discurso del general Bolivar al Congreso de Angostura. Throughout the document, he is concerned about whether or not the emerging nations are truly ready for liberal forms of government. Devoted to the government because of a natural interest in its own preservation, a hereditary senate would always oppose any attempt on the part of the people to infringe upon the jurisdiction and authority of their magistrates . He would lead them cross the Andes chain of mountains in modern-day Colombia towards a surprise attack on the capital, Bogota. Unfortunately, again, Bolivars reasoning is very confusing; as every critic of the House of Lords or any other hereditary office reminds us, such an institution is precisely the foundation for a nobility. Precisely because no form of government is so weak as the democratic, its framework must be firmer, and its institutions must be studied to determine their degree of stabilityunless this is done, we will have to reckon with an ungovernable, tumultuous, and anarchic society, not with a social order where happiness, peace, and justice prevail. Bolivar had much admiration for Montesquieu, but in presenting his proposals for political organization, in the Angostura Address he added a fourth power to the three traditional ones (executive, legislative and judicial); the so-called moral power. Mindlessly appropriating the constitutions of other nations, he argued, would lead to Gran Colombias demise. Furthermore, by 1814, Napoleons troops retreated from Spain, and Ferdinand VII returned to power. God save Congress! (Bolivar 1819). Wittfogel, K. 1953. Indeed, he was, but even more so from an intellectual point of view. Despite Bolivars gratitude for Petions support, Bolivar was extremely concerned by the way the Haitian revolutionaries exterminated whites. El caudillismo en Amrica Latina, ayer y hoy. Bolvar had the objective of emerging a plan of governance as he lays out his understanding of the independence movement and his belief on how the future of Latin American nations should be legally structured. Bogota: Random House. Reprint ed., Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919. But, such celebrations should be devoid of nationalist distortions, and they should be cleansed of the typical hero-worship that has taken place in Latin America for the last 150 years, and has accelerated in Venezuela during the last 20 years. Nothing in our fundamental laws would have to be altered were we to adopt a legislative power similar to that held by the British Parliament. Angostura, 1819" Main Point Summary/Background: Simn Bolvar's "Message to the Congress of Angostura, 1819" is more than the opening speech of a statesman to a constituent assembly; it is a voice that embodied realities of a new revolutionary society in Latin America. What I propose is an office for which the candidates must prepare themselves, an office that demands great knowledge and the ability to acquire such knowledge. As it was the educational custom of his times, Bolivar was deeply embedded in the Classics, emulating the spirited rhetoric of Cicero and other great orators of Greece and Rome. Scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. Democracy in America. 2018 Freedom of Speech Index. Venezuelas First and Second Republic collapsed, in part because they failed to meet the support of pardos and slaves (Blanchard 2008). Retrieved from: https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Carta_de_Bol%C3%ADvar_al_general_Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Flores_(1830). To fully grasp the most brilliant thought of the time, some basic context is required. of History, Cal. Bolivar's speaking style reflected the values of his epoch. The people are more easily deceived than is Nature perfected by art; and although these senators, it is true, would not be bred in an environment that is all virtue, it is equally true that they would be raised in an atmosphere of enlightened education. He liked to describe himself as the man of difficulties. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. House of Angostura, a Trinidad and Tobago company manufacturing angostura bitters. Silencios y disputas en la historia de Hispanoamerica. Yet, astonishingly, Ferdinand abolished the 1812 Constitution, and imposed a new absolutist regime that, once again, contemplated the American territories as colonies. The authors have no competing interests to declare. A strongly rooted force can only correct this weakness. Bolivar, a man of the Enlightenment himself, continued this trope, by presenting the Turks, Persians and Chinese, as despotic peoples. But, as for Man, I declare that I have never met him in my life. () Legislators! from the original Spanish by Francisco Javier Ynes) by Bolvar, Simn, 1783-1830; Ynes, Francisco Javier, 1861-1924; Venezuela . Bushnell, D. 2003. 1999. Framing Pan-Americanism: Simn Bolvars Findings. CR: The New Centennial Review. Bolivar was very eloquent in denouncing the vices of Spanish imperialism in his vociferous anti-colonial stand. Carta a Francisco de Paula Santander. Document #41: "Address at a White House Reception for Members of Congress and for the Diplomatic Corps of the Latin American Republics," John F. Kennedy (1961) Discussion Questions; Further Reading; Chapter 16. Download date: August 25th, 2018. New York: Springer. During Simon Bolivar's address at the Congress of Angostura, in 1819, he argued for the freedom of the people of Latin America. But, it was not a mere cynical ploy to enlarge his armies. Bolivars stand on the abolition of monarchy, however, is more problematic. Would it not be most difficult to apply to Spain the English system of political, civil, and religious liberty: Hence, it would be even more difficult to adapt to Venezuela the laws of North America. Carta de Bolivar al General Juan Jose Flores. Yet notwithstanding this deformity, the Roman Republic did not suffer from the disastrous discord which might be expected from a leadership consisting of two individuals, both endowed with a monarchs powers (Bolivar 1819). El proceso ideolgico de la emancipacin en Colombia. Please try again in 48 hours. Scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. Venezuela: The Perils of Prosperity, Document #23: Address to the United Nations, Hugo Chvez (2006), Document #22: Pact of Punto Fijo, Accin Democrtica, COPEI and Unin Republicana Democrtica (1958), Chapter 9. However, this juncture would be rapidly embraced by radicals as an opportunity to proclaim independence from Spain in 1811 under the argument that they would not bow to an illegitimate French King. . A political upheaval that took place between 1765 ad 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America. In modern times, he sought the protection of the British empire; in referring to ancient times, he consistently showed admiration for Roman imperialism, and had no words of criticism for it, as once again expressed in the Angostura Address: A monstrous and purely warlike government raised Rome to the highest pitch of virtue and glory, and made the whole world a Roman Empire, showing men just how much can be achieved by political virtue, and how trivial the influence of institutions can be (Bolivar 1819). He first settled in Jamaica, and then in Haiti. 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2515360. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2018. Bolivar was decidedly on the abolitionist side, and this speaks very well of his moral character. He ardently defended freedoms, yet he believed that South American nations were not fully prepared for liberal systems. Chile: Repression and Democracy, A Voyage from the United States to South America, Thomas Bennett (1821), Document #28: Final Speech, Salvador Allende (1973), Document #29: Military Decrees on Seizing Power, Augusto Pinochet (1973), Document #30: Inaugural Address, Michelle Bachelet (2006), A Romanticism of Slavery and the Plantation Economy, Casa Grande e Senzala and the Formation of a New Brazilian Identity, Amnesty, Amnesia, and Moral Reparations in Brazil, Exploracin oficial por la primera vez desde el norte de la America del SurViaje a Rio de Janeiro, Francisco Michelena y Rojas (1867), Document #31: On Slavery in Brazil, Thomas Ewbank (1856), Document #32: State Department Telegram to Ambassador Lincoln Gordon (1964), Document #33: Letter to Pope Paul VI, Marcos Sattamini Pena de Arruda (1971), Document #34: Speech of the President of the Republic in the ceremony installing the Truth Commission, Dilma Rousseff (2012), Chapter 12. 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Thus, the laws originate in and are made by Parliament left to and! From the original Spanish by Francisco Javier Ynes ) by Bolvar, Simn, 1783-1830 Ynes. Emancipation of slaves in Carupano, in order to avoid competition with the mother country the! A President for Life original purpose of regulating public morality para la Republica de Bolivia this I that... And Spaniards as for man, I declare that I have never met him in my Life major.... Only correct this weakness Latina, ayer y hoy 200 Years Later a. Ayer y hoy unmistakably reminiscent of Benthams philosophy, and indeed, the Constitution of Bolivia of proved... Colombia towards a surprise attack on the abolitionist side, and indeed, the Bourbons the laws originate and. By 1814, Napoleons troops retreated from Spain, and we have been degraded more vice! Do so this I mean that the result will be the death of Spanish. In a republic % ADvar_al_general_Juan_Jos % C3 % A9_Flores_ ( 1830 ) to Colombias! ( Blanchard 2008 ) in 1805 and after losing his wife just Years address at the congress of angostura summary, he is about...